Flairs

The examples of cosmetic customization abilities Flairs brings with costumes.

Flairs are accessory-like cosmetic items that makes your heroes look more legendary. They are meant to add more customization ability for the heroes aside from costume accessories and also to add some "flair" hence the name. They can only be equipped through the Hero Customization Manager which can be accessed through the cosmetic button in the player's inventory. Along with costumes, accessories and tower skins, they make up Dungeon Defenders II's cosmetic system.

The flairs system is divided into five categories : Head (halos, hats and crowns), Face (masks, helmets/heads, mustaches and eyepatches), Back (wings, tendrils and backpacks), Waist (auras, tails and floating objects) and Feet (auras and other effects)

How to acquire

Currently there are no flairs available that can be directly purchased with gold, or defender medals. Instead, the ways they can only be acquired are through defender packs, reaching a certain milestone in specific gamemodes, solving map secrets or obtaining codes from giveaways.

Certain limited seasonal flairs can be also be bought through DLCs or directly with gems during seasonal times too.

Flairs sets

While there are various different types of flair, certain flairs are made together to form a set giving a complete thematic look. Two or four pieces of themed flairs usually makes a set. Some sets will be provided as a set when obtained through defender packs, DLCs or a gamemode's milestone while others may be acquired separately.

There are currently 14 flair sets in the game:

Crow Lord set - (Raven Lord Crest, Raven Lord Wing, Raven Lord Molt and Raven Lord Mist)
Bramblewood set - (Bramblewood Crowns and Bramblewood Wings)
Bonemancer's set - (Bonemancer's Crown and Bonemancer's Wings)
Holy set - (Glimmer of Au and Path of Au)
Nature set - (Blessing of Entwood and Wildbloom Growth)
Rotbane set - (Rotbane Aura and Path of Pestilence)
Ancient's set - (Ancient's Mark of Wisdom, Ancient's Runewings, Ancient's Rune Belt and Ancient's Aura)
Hero's Valor set - (Hero's Valor Crown, Hero's Prestigious Wings, Hero's Waistguard of Valor and Hero's Valorous Aura)
Angel set - (Lightforged Halo, Wing's of Glory, Lightfeather Plumage and Light's Radiance)
Old Doom set - (Mark of Old Doom, Tendrils of Old Doom, Dark Whispers Aura and Writhing Dark)
Final Form set - (Final Form Aura and Final Form Wake)
Hellion's set - (Hellion's Glare, Hellion's Flight, Hellion's Whiptail and Hellion's Embers)
Tundraken Set - (Tundraken Head, Tundraken Wings and Tundraken Tail)
Krampus Set - (Krampus Hat, Krampus Wings and Krampus Tail)

List of Flairs

Defender Packs

Each Defender Pack will have a chance to give one of these flair pieces below. Some flairs will be given together as a set rather than individual pieces. They cannot be directly bought with gems, defender packs are the only way to acquire them in-game. However, they could also be obtained through codes acquired from various giveaways.

Flair	Rarity	Flavor Text
Raven Lord Crest	Legendary	Bear the Crest of the Raven Lord gilded in gold, rubies and black feathers.
Rainbow 'Fro	Mythical	Get down with the color-o-funk in the Rainbow 'Fro.
Ebonfire Blaze	Mythical	Ominous ebonfire burns atop the hero who to whom its power is bound.
Winner's Crown	Epic	Here's your reward for a marginal, barely recognizable achievement. Good for you.
Bramblewood Crown	Epic	Wearers of this crown can hear the faint, distant sounds of the faeri-chants.
Bonemancer Crown	Legendary	A crown born of bone and shadow looms ominously in the air above the wearer.
Krampus Hat	Legendary	Filled with the wailings of bad children during Winterfest. Also available as part of Winter Wonderland Flair Bundle during Winter Event.

Flair	Rarity	Flavor Text	In-Game
Lucky Bunny Mask	Mythical	No bunnies were harmed in the making of this mask, so you could say it's lucky for the bunnies.
Snow Liger Mask	Mythical	Wear the powerful visage of the Snow Liger with this fun mask.
Imperial Grin Mask	Mythical	You'll never be out of style in the Imperial Grin Mask, show your nobility off.
Trust Me Disguise	Mythical	Nothing says "I'm trusthworthy" in this pointed nosed fiendish mask.
Handsome Handlebars	Mythical	Hang on and have fun.
The Wilfred	Mythical	Die or beat these goblins.
The Swanson	Mythical	It wants all of your bacon and eggs, not a lot of them, all of them.
The Broomly	Mythical	Catches all of your dust and household dirt.
Tony Strange	Mythical	Egomania in beard form.
The Connery	Mythical	Stirred, not shaken.
Char Ming	Mythical	Mustache of the merciless.
The Sifu	Mythical	A wise master's whiskers.
Zaiden Curl	Mythical	Twirl it, cut it, gram it.
Burly Swirly Durly	Mythical	A curly whirly from the surely durly.
Fisherman's Comfort	Mythical	A fuzzy comfort.
Salty Sea Chops	Mythical	Perfect for eating fish sticks and gravy.
Eye Patch	Epic	Lose some perspective.
Jolly Roger Patch	Legendary	If it's worn in the other eye, it's called the Sad Roger.
Royal Patch	Mythical	A straw hat would make a royal addition.
Pirate Patch	Mythical	Look me in the eye and call me a pirate.
Gilded Patch	Mythical	Doubloons well spent.
Bitey Mcshark Mask	Legendary	A face you can kiss.
Frost Drake Mask	Mythical	Frost breath not included.
Frosty Grin Mask	Legendary	No magical hat needed.
Tundraken Head	Mythical	Cold and damp with a side of ominous whispers.	Example

Flair	Rarity	Flavor Text	In-Game
Raven Lord Wings	Legendary	Adorn the great black wings of the Raven Lord and strike fear into the hearts of the Old One's army.
Mutagenous Talons	Legendary	Realize your inner Cronenberg dreams and unleash these wicked mutated wings.
Ebonwing's Grace	Mythical	Ebonwing was said to appear as a murder of crows over great battlefields heralding the dead to their final journey.
Verdant Raven Wings	Mythical	Green color variant of Ebonwing's Grace.
Sallow Raven Wings	Mythical	Yellow color variant of Ebonwing's Grace.
Amethyst Raven Wings	Mythical	Purple color variant of Ebonwing's Grace.
Azure Raven Wings	Mythical	Blue Color variant of Ebonwing's Grace.
Crimson Raven Wings	Mythical	Red color variant of Ebonwing's Grace.
Psycho Raven Wings	Legendary	Hypnotic colors flow from the feathers.
Earth Drake Wings	Legendary	Wings fashioned after those of the fabled drakes of Embermount.
Gilded Honorwings	Legendary	In the days of living legends, defenders of Etheria were gifted many abilities; including flight.
Hive Striker Wings	Mythical	Wings of the Hive Striker insectoids are armored in chitonous green and menacing claws.
Great Eagle Wings	Legendary	The lift potential of the Great Eagles far exceeds what their physical measurements alone would indicate is possible.
Gargoyle Wings	Epic	Much like the stone creatures during the day, these wings offer no upward movement but still looks menacing and cool.
Bramblewood Wings	Epic	The bramblewoods near Dragonfall harbour many secrets. There are tales of nymphs and faeries dancing and flying in between the trees and branches.
Bonemancer Wings	Legendary	A single beat of these wings is enough to send a shiver down your spine.
Citrine Wings	Mythical	These wings are grown from a rare mineral found only in ancient bedrock.
Crystalline Wings	Mythical	If you listen carefully you can hear a low frequency hum.
Sapphire Monarch	Epic	Jump in Dragonfall, feel it in Moraggo.
Mechanoid Exhaust	Mythical	Vile biomechanical exhaust ports.
Hoysters	Legendary	Real decor from Etheria's favorite family restaurant.	Example
Not-A-Dolphin	Legendary	You still need to learn how to swim.	Example
Back-Lit	Epic	For the romantic glow wherever you go.
Expedition Pack	Mythical	Take the cabin with you in this stylish pack.
Plumage of Frost	Legendary	Each flap of those wings brings a wall of frosty air.
Frost Drake Wings	Legendary	These huge wings blast glacial wings with every icy flap.
Frigid Flight	Mythical	Let the winds of winter lift you.
[[\|50px]] Tundraken Wings	Mythical	Corrupt the winds with these bone wings.
Krampus Wings	Legendary	Festively evil wings powered by bad souls. Also available as part of Winter Wonderland Flair Bundle during Winter Event.
Snowflake Wings	Legendary	Intricacy over function. Also available as part of Winter Wonderland Flair Bundle during Winter Event.
Candy Cane Wings	Legendary	Deliciously jolly wings for any occasion. Also available as part of Winter Wonderland Flair Bundle during Winter Event.

Flair	Rarity	Flavor Text	In-Game
Raven Lord Molt	Legendary	Even the Raven Lord has to molt from time to time.
Seismancer Familars	Legendary	Summon small stones to fly around you, mostly just for looks but it's flying rocks! Flying rocks are cool!
Glimmer of Au	Legendary	Don the glorious aura of Au, you will shimmer with golden glimmer and never looked more glorious.	Example
Blessing of Entwood	Mythical	Bear the aura of forested tranquility with the Blessing of Entwood and breathe new life into your surroundings.
Rotbane Aura	Mythical	Although you appear fearsome with this aura equipped, the stench may prove more effective at sending your enemies running.
Blessing of Winter	Mythical	Never run out of ammo in a snowball fight.
Frost Spine Tail	Mythical	Each spiney shard is coated in razor thin ice.
Water Drake Tail	Legendary	A crack from this icy tail freezes the wind around it.
Tundraken Tail	Mythical	Animated by dark energy!
Krampus Tail	Legendary	Holiday festive tail that jingles in the wind. Also available as part of Winter Wonderland Flair Bundle during Winter Event.

Flair	Rarity	Flavor Text	In-Game
Raven Lord Mist	Legendary	Shroud your steps in the mysterious mist of the Raven Lord, be swift and silent.
Path of Pestilence	Mythical	Creepy crawlies skitter at your every tainted step.
Path of Au	Legendary	Light your steps with the path of Au, foes and friends alike will envy your every golden step.	Example
Wildbloom Growth	Mythical	Life energy leaves your body sprouting wild growth with every step.
Seismic Pressure	Epic	Manipulating the ground pressure you generate puffs of earthly smoke, smells mostly like dirt.
Feeding Frenzy	Mythical	It is really not safe to go swimming.
Nibblers	Legendary	Keep away from small animals and pets.
Twinkle Toes	Epic	You can dash across the ice without fear!	Example
Cool Runnings	Mythical	Feel the rhythm! Feel the rhyme! Let's get on down, it's defending time!	Example

Gamemodes Rewards

These flairs can only be acquired by reaching a certain point in various gamemodes (currently only in Mastery and Onslaught). While the Mastery gamemode awards flairs piece by piece when a milestone is reached, the later stage of the Onslaught gamemode instead awards a set when a milestone is reached. Both gamemodes offers different flairs as they are meant to signify that the player has reached a certain point or completion of the gamemodes.

Flair	Rarity	Acquired From	Flavor Text
Ancient's Mark of Wisdom	Legendary	Having 315 Stars in Mastery.	"The Ancients bestowed runic marks upon those within their society to express thier achievement or status. This one is the mark of a wise and skilled combatant."
Hero's Valor Crown	Legendary	Having 735 Stars in Mastery.	"Heralded as the Dragonfall Champion's 'crowning' achievement. The Hero's Valor Crown is the pinnacle expression of ones skill, prowess and strength in the defense of the kingdom."
Binding Stone	Mythical	Clearing Onslaught Floor 4 for the first time.	Used in the Ancient's Ritual to lock away some of their more dangerous enemies.
Lightforged Halo	Legendary	Clearing Onslaught Floor 30 for the first time.	These powerful wings adorn the heroes who have struggled and triumphed over numerous challenges.
Mark of Old Doom	Legendary	Clearing Onslaught Floor 40 for the first time.	The mark of ancient evils long imprisoned. Beware of dabbling in such dark power.

Flair	Rarity	Acquired From	Flavor Text	In-Game
Living Cactus Head	Legendary	Having 830 Stars in Mastery.	One of a kind creature or a horrible science experiment, you choose!
Corrupted Ancient Mask	Legendary	Having 925 Stars in Mastery.	Even the ancients were susceptible to corruption.

Flair	Rarity	Acquired From	Flavor Text
Ancient's Runewings	Legendary	Having 420 Stars in Mastery.	"Mainly for decoration and use in certain rituals, the Guardians granted those worthy the honor of bearing these great wings."
Hero's Prestigious Wings	Legendary	Having 735 Stars in Mastery.	"Grand and beautiful, it's said these wings are given only to those champions who show considerable strength of courage in battle."
Wings of Glory	Legendary	Clearing Onslaught Floor 30 for the first time.	The powerful wings adorn the heroes who have struggled and triumphed over numerous challenges.
Tendrils of Old Doom	Legendary	Clearing Onslaught Floor 40 for the first time.	The power of the Old Ones transforms you, granting monstrous tendrils that writhe menacingly on your back.

Flair	Rarity	Acquired From	Flavor Text
Ancient's Rune Belt	Legendary	Having 105 Stars in Mastery.	"Although of no understood functional reason, only the warrior caste of Guardians wore these mystical belts."
Hero's Waistguard of Valor	Legendary	Having 525 Stars in Mastery.	"Much like the crown's namesake, the Hero's Waistguard of Valor can only be worn by those deemed worthy to bear it."
Lightfeather Plumage	Legendary	Clearing Onslaught Floor 30 for the first time.	Even heavenly wings have to shed their feathers from time to time.
Dark Whisper's Aura	Legendary	Clearing Onslaught Floor 40 for the first time.	Shh! Did you hear that? No, Did you? You can feel the Old Ones whisper all around you.
Final Form Aura	Legendary	Clearing Onslaught Floor 45 for the first time.	Earned through hard fought battles, waves of foes and endless resolve. Show them your final form!

Flair	Rarity	Acquired From	Flavor Text
Ancient's Aura	Legendary	Having 210 Stars in Mastery.	"The powers harnessed by the Guardians could not be contained by their bodies alone and would ebb out casting a glow beneath their feet."
Hero's Valorous Aura	Legendary	Having 630 Stars in Mastery.	"Blessed by the spirits of the ancient kings of Dragonfall, your honor and valor in defense of Etheria light your steps wherever you go."
Light's Radiance	Legendary	Clearing Onslaught Floor 30 for the first time.	Brilliant light shimmers beneath your heroes. Bask in the radiance!
Writhing Dark	Legendary	Clearing Onslaught Floor 40 for the first time.	The Old Ones dark influence over you can be seen in every step you take.
Final Form Wake	Legendary	Clearing Onslaught Floor 45 for the first time.	Your immense waves of power generates intense waves of pressure around you.

Map Rewards

These flairs can only be obtained by solving the secret mechanic of certain maps or simply by just clearing them for the first time. However, certain flairs can only be acquired when its respective map or secret puzzle is cleared in a specific gamemode and/or difficulty.

Flair	Rarity	Acquired From	Flavor Text	In-Game
Endless Winter Crown	Legendary	Solving the secret mechanic within Drakenfrost Keep in Adventures gamemode.	This crown was repelling an ancient evil...

Flair	Rarity	Acquired From	Flavor Text
Forbidden Worshipper's Mask	Mythical	Solving the secret mechanic within Plunderer's Paradise.	Utilizing the dark power of the mask, a lost pirate crew sacrificed themselves to seal an old one within the island. To this day their songs can still be heard...
Fool Mascot Head	Legendary	Clearing Wild Westival on Chaos VIII Expeditions for the first time.	The tag on the back says "Property of the Wild Westival"...oops!
Jester Mascot Head	Legendary	Clearing Jester's Revenge Prime Incursion for the first time.
Mask of Owls	Mythical	Solving the secret mechanic within Tornado Canyons.	Enchanted/Inscribed with ancient owl magic!

Limited Seasonal Offering

Limited Seasonal Offering flairs are often used as initiatives or celebrations for certain events such as seasonal commemorations. They will only be available for a limited-duration at a time, but they could be released again at a later date unlike unobtainable exclusives.

Flair	Rarity	Acquired From	Flavor Text
Boozzaro's Grin	Mythical	Halloween Event 2017 - Available individually or as part of the Halloween Party Pack 2017 Bundle. Halloween Event 2022 - Available individually or as part of the Halloween Spooktacular Bundle for a much cheaper price.	"Wearers are compelled to gather in the dark and damp sewers carrying around red balloons and frighten small children with their toothy grins."
Hobgoblin's Grin	Mythical		"It's said to have appeared out of the dark bogs to a lost and weary traveler. This is a mask of dubious and mischievous portent."
Cursed Jade Mask	Mythical		"Fashioned from a large chunk of glowing jade, the wearer is compelled to bend to their darkest vises and passions until death."
Dark Noh Mask	Mythical		"Ancient Legends tell of a powerful dark spirit bound to a mask that grants power most dangerous and evil."
Mask of Insanity	Mythical		"Once worn all sanity will be fleeting so be wary of this face to mask meeting."
Blazing Hellgeist Mask	Legendary		"A pact has been made, the terms are final, this spirit of blazing vengeance has no rival!"
Hellion's Glare	Mythical	Bundle of the Beast DLC (Halloween)	"Wearing this mask gives you the strangest urge to cause serious mayhem."
Spooky Pumpkin Head	Legendary	One-time reward from Ol' Peepers during Halloween	Lights the way forward through the dark.
Shutter Shades	Legendary	Available from the Sky City Bundle for free for the duration of Patch 2.4 in 2018. Available in Dungeon Defenders Legendary Collection (3-item bundle and above) at Humble Bundle from 16th of April to 20th of May in 2022.	"To keep the hoards that'll think ill of you at bay."

Flair	Rarity	Acquired From	Flavor Text	In-Game
Hellion's Flight	Mythical	Bundle of the Beast DLC (Halloweeen)	"Take flight like a bat outta Hell with these devilish wings."

Flair	Rarity	Acquired From	Flavor Text	In-Game
Hellion's Whiptail	Mythical	Bundle of the Beast DLC (Halloween)	"Your face might not make not reveal your intentions but this fiendish appendage will make no mystery of your mischief."

Flair	Rarity	Acquired From	Flavor Text	In-Game
Hellion's Embers	Mythical	Bundle of the Beast DLC (Halloween)	"With your feet to the ground you'll leave fire all around, with each step making critters and grass into smoke and ash."

Black Market Exclusives

These very expensive flairs are only available from the Black Market Dealer for gold. Emphasis on very expensive... These flairs are meant to be something for veteran players (who has amassed a huge amount of gold) to spend on.

Not all Golden Flairs will be available at the same time. Each piece will have a time-limited window to purchase before eventually getting swapped out for a different Golden Flair in the roster.

Flair	Rarity	Acquired From	Flavor Text	In-Game
Fancy Golden Top Hat	Legendary	Black Marker Dealer. Price - 1 Billion 18px.	Wearing this exudes a level of wealth few know but many envy.
[[\|50px]] Golden Rustic Winter Hat	Legendary	Available during Winter Event. Black Market Dealer. Price - 250 Million 18px.	Cold and heavy with the side effect of dramatic thoughts of wealth.

Flair	Rarity	Acquired From	Flavor Text	In-Game
Golden Skull Mask	Legendary	Black Market Dealer. Price - 1 Billion 18px.	It's definitely not cursed, and don't ask who's skull it is. It's just really fancy!
Golden Spooky Pumpkin Head	Legendary	Available during Halloween. Black Market Dealer. Price - 250 Million 18px.	Shimmers the way forward through the dark.

Flair	Rarity	Acquired From	Flavor Text	In-Game
[[\|50px]] Gold Shimmer	Legendary	Black Market Dealer. Price - 1 Billion 18px.	Gold shimmers around you!

Community Exclusives

These flairs can only be obtained by participating in various community activities such as engaging in giveaways by Chromatic Games and The Caster's Guild members or by partaking in remote playtesting if it is open.

Flair	Rarity	Acquired From	Flavor Text	In-Game
Protean Shellmet	Legendary	2018 Trendy Friday Fun Streams giveaways. Chromatic Games' Friday Funday Streams giveaways. (Current)	"A prototype helmet designed by Profesor Proteus based on one of many automaton head unit design."
Caster's Juiced Helmet	Legendary	TCG Juicebags giveaways.	Orange you glad you too can now be juicy?

Flair	Rarity	Acquired From	Flavor Text	In-Game
Researcher's Parrot Gliders	Legendary	Testing content as part of the Remote Playtester Group (RPG) or Remote Quality Assurance (RQA) group.	Rewarded to RPG Defenders for their extraordinary service.	Example
Trendy Pizza Gliders	Legendary	2018 Trendy Friday Fun & 2019 Chromatic Weekend Wind Down Streams giveaways. Chromatic Games' Friday Funday Streams giveaways. (Current)	Get your gliders on Fridays at 3 PM ET at twitch.tv/trendyent.
Caster's Sky Protector	Legendary	TCG Sho giveaways.	Sho's secret weapons that's always got your back.

Flair	Rarity	Acquired From	Flavor Text	In-Game
Caster's Ouroboros	Legendary	TCG Exglint giveaways.	This drake is found past the edge of the world map.

Flair	Rarity	Acquired From	Flavor Text	In-Game
Caster's Unearthed Sidewalk	Legendary	TCG SidewalkHero giveaways.	Your heroic prowess causes the ground to crumple and swirl around you.	Example

Unobtainable Exclusive

These flairs are currently unobtainable as they are specifically for exclusive events and players such as 2017 Ancient's Prelude's Prove Your Mastery Race Winners.

Flair	Rarity	Acquired From	Flavor Text	In-Game
Grand Master's Crown I	Legendary	Being one of the winners from week 1's race of Prove Your Mastery.	Mastery Week 1 Top Ten Winner!
Grand Master's Crown II	Legendary	Being one of the winners from week 2's race of Prove Your Mastery.	Mastery Week 2 Top Ten Winner!
Grand Master's Crown III	Legendary	Being one of the winners from week 3's race of Prove Your Mastery.	Mastery Week 3 Top Ten Winner!
Grand Master's Crown IV	Legendary	Being one of the winners from week 4's race of Prove Your Mastery.	Mastery Week 4 Top Ten Winner!
Grand Master's Crown V	Legendary	Being one of the winners from week 5's race of Prove Your Mastery.	Mastery Week 5 Top Ten Winner!
Grand Master's Crown VI	Legendary	Being one of the winners from week 6's race of Prove Your Mastery.	Mastery Week 6 Top Ten Winner!	Example
Grand Master's Crown VII	Legendary	Being one of the winners from week 7's race of Prove Your Mastery.	Mastery Week 7 Top Ten Winner!	Example

Trivia and Notes

Some flairs like Boozarro's Grin, Mutagenous Talons, Tony Strange & Blazing Hellgeist Mask and The Connery are references to real-life popular cultures such as Stephen King's It, the works of David Cronenburg, Marvel Comics' Tony Stark/Doctor Strange & Ghost Rider and James Bond (with Sean Connery) respectively.

Dragonfall Carnival consumable masks have been re-added as actual flairs as of Power of the Ancients Expansion (2.0). Though their consumable version will still be in players' inventory unchanged.
When the Protean Shift expansion (3.0) went live, all Xbox One Players at that time gets to redeem a code for the Protean Shellmet as appreciation for installing DD2 on Xbox One. A short time later, [CG]Lawlta decided to also repurposed it as a stream giveaway item so it can be accessible to PC and PS4 players too.

The Pizza Gliders made it into DD2 because [CG]Lawlta loves pizza. So much that he was persistently pushing for the wings' implementation for quite a while.

The Caster's flairs was CG's way of supporting the TCG streamers who have been reliable for a year and have helped make DDII better.

Interestingly, flairs only comes in Epic, Mythical and Legendary rarity. No Worn, Sturdy or Powerful flair exist. This is most likely due to the "premium" ways of acquiring them such as through (higher-tiered) Defender Packs, reaching milestones in gamemodes and being part of specific events.

History

December 16th 2022 : Winter Wonderland Accessory flairs, Rustic Winter Hat & its Golden Variant and Gold Shimmer added.
??? : Spooky Pumpkin Mask and its Golden variant added.
??? : Golden Skull Mask available. Mask of Owls added.
??? : Corrupted Ancient Mask and Fancy Golden Top Hat added.
??? : Winter Wonderland-themed flairs added.
??? : Tundraken flair set added.
??? : Two carnival-themed mascot head pieces and Living Cactus Head added.
4.2 : Frost themed flairs added. TCG flairs and Pizza Gliders also added.
4.1 : More flairs added.
4.0 : Pirate themed flairs and more added. First Secret Map Reward flair also added.
3.0 : Protean Shellmet added.
2.4 : Shutter Shades added.
2.3 : More flairs added.
2.0 : Added defender pack exclusive flairs. Onslaught flairs also added.
1.2 : Introduced.